Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation
Abstract
The learned helplessness hypothesis is criticized and reformulated. The old hypothesis, when applied to learned helplessness in humans, has two major problems: (a) It does not distinguish between cases in which outcomes are uncontrollable for all people and cases in which they are uncontrollable only for some people (univervsal vs. personal helplessness), and (b) it does not explain when helplessness is general and when specific, or when chronic...
Paper Details
Title
Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation
Published Date
Feb 1, 1978
Volume
87
Issue
1
Pages
49 - 74
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